Flights cancelled as ash cloud blows towards northern Europe

Mr Obama, who had been scheduled to spend Monday night in Ireland, was forced to fly to London early because of the ash cloud. Last year's Icelandic eruption also forced a change in his schedule then, causing him to cancel a trip to Poland.

Glasgow-based regional airline Loganair cancelled 36 flights scheduled for Tuesday morning. It said its flights between Scottish islands would be unaffected. Another small airline, Eastern Airways, which is based in northern England, also cancelled all flights to and from Scotland on Tuesday.

"Our No. 1 priority is to ensure the safety of people both on board aircraft and on the ground," said Andrew Haines, chief executive of the CAA.

"We can't rule out disruption, but the new arrangements that have been put in place since last year's ash cloud mean the aviation sector is better prepared and will help to reduce any disruption in the event that volcanic ash affects UK airspace."

Many airlines said authorities last year overestimated the danger to aircraft and overreacted by closing airspace for five days amid fears that the abrasive ash could cause engines to stall.

CAA spokesman Jonathan Nicholson said authorities this time would give airlines information about the location and density of ash clouds. Any airline that wanted to fly would have to present a safety report to aviation authorities to be allowed to fly.

He said most British airlines had permission to fly through medium-density ash clouds, but none had asked for permission to fly through high-density clouds, classified as having more than 4000 micrograms of ash per cubic metre.

Even at that concentration of volcanic ash, experts said the air would not look much different from airspace unaffected by the ash, but officials say the tiny particles in the ash can sandblast windows and stop jet engines.

The international pilots' federation warned that it believed the cloud still presented a potential danger to commercial aircraft despite developments since last year.

"It remains our view that when there is an unknown then it is always better to err on the side of caution," said Gideon Ewers, spokesman for the International Federation of Airline Pilots' Associations.

Thurai Rahulan, a senior lecturer in aeronautics at Salford University in north-west England, said the technology on how to measure and monitor ash had improved, but aircrafts' ability to cope with ash had not changed.

"Aircraft manufacturers have made more resources available to conduct studies on tolerating higher concentrations of ash, but as far as I know, no possible improvements have made it to frontline operations yet," he said.

The disruption in Scotland is being caused by the smaller of two ash clouds from the volcano. The main cloud was causing minor disruptions around Scandinavia.

Iceland's main airport, Keflavik, and domestic airport Reykjavik both reopened on Monday after being closed for almost 36 hours. Grimsvotn began erupting on Saturday.

Hjordis Gudmundsdottir, spokeswoman for the airport administrator Isavia, said the first flight to take off would be an Icelandair flight to London's Heathrow.

"The outlook is good for Keflavik and other Icelandic airports in the coming 24 hours," said Ms Gudmundsdottir. "We don't have a forecast for after that so we wait and see."

The Met Office, Britain's weather forecasters, said there had been no major changes in the forecast, that some ash would drift across British airspace, mostly in Scotland and Northern Ireland, by Tuesday morning.

But the weather in Britain has been very unsettled in the past two days and will continue to be that way in the days ahead, making predictions difficult.

"When it's all over the place, it's a bit trickier to predict where things may go," forecaster Charlie Powell said.

An Icelandic meteorological official said the eruption already appeared to be getting smaller, but Thierry Mariani, France's Transport Minister, said it was too early to tell whether air travel over Europe would be affected by the eruption.

Mr Mariani told Europe 1 radio that the composition of the cloud would be examined in the coming days and if the ash was found to be harmful to aircraft, countries might take a joint decision to close part of Europe's airspace.

"The priority must always remain to ensure security," he said.

British Transport Secretary Phillip Hammond told the BBC that Britain had equipment in Iceland analysing the ash as it came out of the volcano, and equipment in Britain that analysed the density of the ash.

"We won't see a blanket closing of airspace," he said.

The plume was drifting mostly southward at a height of five kilometres to nine kilometres (16,400 feet to 29,500 feet), the Icelandic Meteorological Office said in a report late on Monday. Those are the normal altitudes for passenger airliners, and the plume was down from a maximum height of 50,000 feet on Sunday, said Steinunn Jakobsdottir, a geophysicist at the forecaster.

The eruption has abated slightly since Sunday and no earthquakes have been recorded at the site since then, the forecaster said.

The European air traffic control agency's models showed the main plume of ash gradually extending northward from Iceland in the next two days.

The cloud is predicted to arch its way north of Scandinavia and possibly touch the islands off the northern Russian coastline within the next two days.

Eurocontrol said the smaller ash plume was not expected to move further east than the west coast of Scotland.

Some airline chiefs complained that regulators had overreacted by shutting much of Europe's airspace last year, stranding millions of passengers and causing big losses to airlines. But a study last month in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences concluded the shutdown had been justified.

The possibility of disruption appeared to be affecting airline shares, which fell more than the market average.

IAG, the parent company of British Airways and Iberia, closed down 5.1 per cent on the day while Lufthansa shed 3.5 per cent and Air France KLM fell 4.5 per cent.

AP with Glenda Kwek